Mauritania is a country located in the northwest region of Africa, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest.
Geography
Climate
Mauritania’s climate varies from Saharan in the north to Sahelian in the south. The north experiences extremely hot temperatures with minimal rainfall, while the south has a more arid climate with a short rainy season from July to September. The coastal areas enjoy a milder, maritime climate influenced by the Atlantic Ocean.
Fauna
Mauritania boasts a diverse range of fauna despite its predominantly arid landscape. The country is home to a variety of desert-adapted species, including antelopes, gazelles, ostriches, and desert foxes. The coastal areas support marine life such as dolphins, sea turtles, and various fish species.
Longest Rivers
The Senegal River is the longest river in Mauritania, running along the country’s border with Senegal. It plays a crucial role in providing water for agriculture and supporting biodiversity in the region. The river is a lifeline for local communities, serving as a source of water for drinking, irrigation, and fishing.
Highest Mountains
Mauritania is predominantly flat, with the Adrar Plateau in the northwest being the highest point in the country. However, the elevation is modest compared to mountainous regions in other parts of the world. The highest peak in the Adrar Plateau is Mount Ijill, which rises to an altitude of approximately 915 meters (3,002 feet) above sea level.
History
Prehistory
Mauritania has a rich prehistory dating back thousands of years. The region was inhabited by various ancient civilizations, including the Berbers, Phoenicians, and Romans. These early inhabitants left behind archaeological sites, rock art, and other cultural artifacts that provide insights into their way of life.
Ancient Empires
Mauritania was once part of several powerful African empires, including the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire. These empires controlled vast territories and engaged in trade with North Africa and the Middle East, contributing to the region’s cultural and economic development.
European Colonization
In the 15th century, European powers began exploring the West African coast, leading to the colonization of Mauritania by the French in the 19th century. Mauritania became part of French West Africa and remained under French rule until gaining independence in 1960.
Post-Independence
After gaining independence, Mauritania faced challenges related to political instability, ethnic tensions, and economic development. The country experienced periods of authoritarian rule and military coups, leading to social unrest and economic hardship for its citizens.
Modern Age
In recent years, Mauritania has made efforts to strengthen its democratic institutions and promote economic development. The country has implemented reforms aimed at improving governance, reducing poverty, and diversifying its economy beyond traditional sectors such as agriculture and fishing.
Demographics
Mauritania has a diverse population consisting of various ethnic groups, including Arab-Berbers, Haratines, and Afro-Mauritanians. Arabic is the official language, while French is widely spoken, especially in urban areas and among the educated elite. Islam is the predominant religion, with the majority of the population adhering to Sunni Islam.
Administrative Divisions
Mauritania is divided into 15 regions, each headed by a governor appointed by the central government. These regions are further subdivided into departments and communes, with Nouakchott, the capital city, designated as a district with special status.
- Adrar Region – Population: 700,000
- Assaba Region – Population: 800,000
- Brakna Region – Population: 400,000
- Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region – Population: 100,000
- Gorgol Region – Population: 500,000
- Guidimaka Region – Population: 400,000
- Hodh Ech Chargui Region – Population: 600,000
- Hodh El Gharbi Region – Population: 300,000
- Inchiri Region – Population: 100,000
- Nouakchott – Population: 1,000,000
- Tagant Region – Population: 300,000
- Tiris Zemmour Region – Population: 150,000
- Trarza Region – Population: 700,000
10 Largest Cities by Population
- Nouakchott – Population: 1,000,000
- Nouadhibou – Population: 120,000
- Kiffa – Population: 80,000
- Zouérat – Population: 60,000
- Rosso – Population: 50,000
- Atar – Population: 25,000
- Kaédi – Population: 20,000
- Néma – Population: 15,000
- Aleg – Population: 10,000
- Selibabi – Population: 10,000
Education Systems
Education in Mauritania is overseen by the Ministry of National Education and Vocational Training. While primary education is officially free and compulsory, access to education remains limited, particularly in rural areas. Mauritania has several universities and institutes of higher learning, including the University of Nouakchott and the University of Zouérat.
Transportation
Mauritania has a limited transportation infrastructure, primarily consisting of roads, railways, and airports. The country has one major international airport, Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport, located in the capital city. The railway network connects Nouakchott with the iron ore mining town of Zouérat in the north. The country also has several seaports, including Nouakchott and Nouadhibou.
Country Facts
- Population: 4.5 million
- Capital: Nouakchott
- Language: Arabic (official), French (widely spoken)
- Religion: Islam (predominantly Sunni)
- Race: Arab-Berbers, Haratines, Afro-Mauritanians
- Currency: Mauritanian Ouguiya (MRO)
- ISO Country Codes: MR, MRT
- International Calling Code: +222
- Top-Level Domain: .mr